Transcendentalism Essay - 1545 Words

Research Skills Paper – Transcendentalism Introduction: The transcendentalism movement first came to be in the mid-19th century as a rebellious reaction to the Age of Reason, illustrated by Thomas Paine, and an overall conformist mindset in their rational way of thinking. Primarily started in New England, Ralph Waldo Emerson was a key component in this new philosophical era of intuitive, spiritual thinking. His unique style of literature (such as Self-Reliance and The American Scholar) as well as Henry David Thoreau’s Walden brought objective ideas into the open, while critiquing the general state of intellectualism and spirituality at the time. The core of the values of transcendentalism can be stemmed from a mix of Hindu teachings and†¦show more content†¦To be great is to be misunderstood† (Emerson, 63). In this quote, you can analyze that Emerson knew that the idea of this type of thinking would not come so effortlessly to people and there would be objectivity. However, others would join him and the ones who did would stick to their new belief rather than going back to their original ways just because people did not agree with them. An example of this would be the author, Henry David Thoreau, a friend of Emerson’s and his book Walden. Instead of writing a book that speculated on the meaning of life, he was hoping to know it from experience. He did this by escaping to a place of true introspection, by living in a cabin a couple kilometers from Concord, Massachusetts along Walden Pond for two years. He continued Emerson proposed ideology by living it himself in a place where he considered to commune with nature and be completely self-reliant. He writes, â€Å"I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not when I came to die, discover I had not lived† (Thoreau, 22). Thoreau achieved this value of transcendentalism by promoting peace and harmony beyond on eself and found himself engulfed in a spiritual journey without modern conveniences and traditions of conformity life. As I read these essays by these famous authors, this got meShow MoreRelatedEssay on Transcendentalism1619 Words   |  7 Pages Transcendentalism nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Many people have theories and philosophies about life in general. There have been hundreds of thousands of books published by many different people on the ideas of people in the past and the present. Transcendentalism falls in amongst all of these ideas. There have been articles, essays, poems, and even books written about this subject. Transcendentalism has effected many people since the philosophy was first introduced. The idea was complex andRead MoreEssay on Transcendentalism vs. Anti-Transcendentalism778 Words   |  4 PagesIn the mid-1830s, Ralph Waldo Emerson created a belief called Transcendentalism. He wrote the essay, â€Å"Self Reliance† and Henry David Thoreau, another Transcendentalist wrote an essay called, â€Å"Walden.† Both works of literature focus on the Transcendentalism belief. In â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil† by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Hawthorne reveals both Transcendentalism and Anti-Transcendentalism throu gh the attitudes of the characters. Therefore, â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil† can be compared and contrasted withRead MoreTranscendentalism Essay1866 Words   |  8 Pageswe will work with our own hands; we will speak our own minds† This message encompasses the whole ideology of transcendentalism. The transcendentalist were a group of individuals attempting to pave their own path in the world. Without them the progression of women’s rights, anti-slavery laws and various religious movements would slow tremendously. The American history of transcendentalism is often attributed to the struggles of a single man. In early 1831, Boston pastor, Ralph Waldo Emerson, who hadRead MoreTranscendentalism Essay1384 Words   |  6 Pagesis the condition of a consciousness. One answer to creating this essential growth in spirituality is Transcendentalism. Transcendentalism is the rebellion of one’s soul against the societal laws that humanity upholds. It is the integrity of a being and the healing of a scarred mind through nature. Ralph Waldo Emerson was a major figure in transcendentalist literature and wrote two separate essays, one being named â€Å"Self-Reliance†, and the other â€Å"Nature†. Spiritual growth of all kinds is motivatedRead MoreEssay on Transcendentalism945 Words   |  4 PagesTranscendentalism The highly religious philosophy of Transcendentalism developed as the response of a group of people who felt that it was unnecessary to practice a religion (and live a life) that was based on fear. The first Transcendentalists set out to create a more liberal way of life that allowed for personal growth, justice and freedom. To truly understand the implications of Transcendentalism and why Transcendentalists believed what they did, one must first look at the root of TranscendentalismRead MoreEssay on Transcendentalism1016 Words   |  5 PagesEmerson and Thoreau and their Perspectives of Transcendentalism Imagine a world where each individual thought for himself, not allowing other outside influences to mold his ideas. We currently live in a society in which a single clip on television, quote from a newspaper, or opinion from a peer can consequently determine how one thinks or the outlook they have on a topic. In Self-Reliance, Emerson states, A man should learn to detect and watch that gleam of light whichRead MoreThe Transcendentalism Movement Essay658 Words   |  3 PagesI picked the Transcendentalism Movement because I found it to be very interesting. From all the different literary movements we had to choose from Transcendentalism seemed the most revolutionary. It was an entirely new way of thinking for America back in the 1800’s. The Transcendental Movement started around 1835. The movement was all about individualism and spiritualism. The idea was that you could achieve true spirituality with god not through the doctrines of man but through communionRead MoreTranscendentalism Essay807 Words   |  4 Pagesis struggling to find their inner self can trust several of the ideas of transcendentalism. In fact, Thoreau and Emerson include the ideas of optimism, intuition, and originality in many of their pieces of literature. It is clear that a teenager who is struggling developing their character should connect with the transcendent ideas from Thoreau and Emerson. Students struggling with themselves can benefit from Transcendentalism articles in order to help them become more optimistic. Thats because theRead More Transcendentalism Essay563 Words   |  3 Pages Transcendentalism Back in the 1800s, people trusted in their innersoul. it was called transcendentalism. People like Emerson and Thoreau were transcendentalism. They didnt think with their heads. They do things like in their first impression. If they sees that a tree is violet, they will paint it violet. During that era, Romanticism was party of it too. Ideas of Romanticism with transcendentalism. In our everyday life, we use transcendentalism. We use our head to think and our hart to feelRead MoreTranscendentalism Essay617 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Transcendentalism is a movement that started in New England in the early to mid nineteenth century. It was created as a protest against the general culture at the time, straying away from the mindless doctrines of the churches. I think that Thoreau, Emerson, Whitman, and Dickinson did a good job of explaining what Transcendentalism is really about, which is that death is coming for everyone. Our Town stands out to me because it doesn’t use any props, and its strong symbolism that makes a point

The Effects Of Cognitive Ability On Social Media Use

The recruitment of participants shall come from the University aged population, 18-26. This aged will be chosen because they are living in an environment with a prevalence of technological apparatuses, and they are more likely to be engaged in the pursuit of further education at a post-secondary institution. In light of this, we will seek to gain a representative sample of this population. With this is mind, we will seek to gain participants through traditional and contemporary advertising, this includes asking for participants through print media, through email, and by phone, the entire process being randomized. The intent is to acquire a random sample that represents the population, both in demographic/socioeconomic terms and in terms†¦show more content†¦For example, participants shall be provided with a series of unrelated words, to review for a specific time period, and then asked to write down as many as they can remember. Tests like these have good test-retest reliabi lity (Ma et al. 2017, 2). Also, it appears to measure working-memory. Turning now to social media, social media shall be operationalized as a user-oriented platform, for the purpose of this experiment we will be going to focus on the aforementioned popular social media platforms, but including time spent on social media outside of this domain. Suffice it to say, that if it looks like social media, it probably is. Finally, social media use will be determined by the random assignment of the participants to one of the three conditions. In order to provide accurate conditions, participants shall fist complete a questionnaire pertaining to their social media use, from this data we will take the average and make our manipulations from it. For example, if it is found that the average time spent on social media is two hours, we will have a low social media condition of one hour or less, and a high social media condition of three hours or more, the intent is to ensure our manipulations are realistic and large enough to determine if there is an effect. This questionnaire will be tested before the commencement of the study to ensure it has reliable test-retest reliability. Besides this,Show MoreRelatedHow Technology Has Impacted Modern Society1493 Words   |  6 Pagesvery things that makes us human?† In actuality, with the availability of leisure activities and information through the internet, technology has negatively impacted our mental health by endorsing social isolation, which one can argue correlates with rising rates of depression and empathic and cognitive losses. As aforementioned, technology has impacted the mental health of the digital generation by increasing societies lack of human connection. The modern age is distinguished by the proliferationRead MoreEssay on Transtheoretical Model and Chronic Stress Management1537 Words   |  7 Pageshigher than normal. Cortisol is a hormone released from someone with chronic stress, which can which can negatively affect the body’s ability to function. Getting sick is another negative factor of being overly stressed. Chronic stress compromises your immune system and stress hormones affect the body’s ability to fight off illness due to the fact that thymus’s ability to stimulate and coordinate the white blood cell activity. Chronic stress may be a factor in cases of heart disease and obesity.Read MoreTechnology : Child s Dream Or Nightmare?974 Words   |  4 Pagescreated a way for less human interaction from ordering food in the drive-thru to the creation of social media and texting. Technology has created a way of communicating without the ability of seeing and understanding a person’s emotions. The technology epidemic is creating negative energy towards children in today’s society; it is changing children’s emotions, influencing obesity, effecting cognitive ability, producing unsafe situations, and disconnecting parental relationship. Emotions generated byRead MoreMedia’s Influence on Children and Adolescents Essay examples574 Words   |  3 Pagesand social media, the present generation is â€Å"born† in it. By this statement, it is implied that children today are much closer to technology and media than adults are, and so, are more likely to be affected by it. Perhaps, the highest impact on the physical, cognitive, and social-emotional development of children and adolescents is by media due to its ready availability through Smart phones, tablet PCs and other portable devices. This paper attempts to evaluate some of the influences of media on variousRead MoreEffects of Television on Child Development: Comparing Adverse and Positive Consequences of Watching Television1138 Words   |  5 PagesEffects of Television on Child Development: Comparing Adverse and Positive Consequences of Watching Television Studying the effects of children watching television has been a popular field of research for many years and is becoming increasingly important as more of children’s time is spent on television. There are strong arguments for both the benefits and the detriments of television exposure. One of the most common arguments against television is the suggestion that it increases violence. OtherRead MoreThe Development Of A Child899 Words   |  4 Pagesstimulating cognitive abilities. People unknowingly utilize music to assist in building their intelligence on a daily basis. Someone may listen to his or her favorite song while exercising or practicing for athletic competitions. Similarly, one may listen to music while studying. This subconscious listening not only relieves one’s stress or energizes his or her emotions, but it improves the cognitive skills of the listener. In his work titled â€Å"The Effect of Mozart s Music on Social Learning BehaviorRead MoreAn Addic tive Amount Of Social Media1595 Words   |  7 PagesThe use of Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and Snapchat comes as naturally as breathing to teens nowadays. But for some users, these online networking services are deemed to be so addicting, that it affects their cognitive function during the day, and ability to get an acceptable amount of sleep each night. When a person doesn’t achieve a proper amount of sleep, it substantially alters their health. Lack of sleep can cause fatigue, forgetfulness, weight loss or gain, serious health problems, and cognitiveRead MoreObserving An Average College Student Essay1627 Words   |  7 Pagesallowing students to carry all five of their massive textbooks, along with all their notes and assignments, in a 4-pound shiny piece of technology; the issue is not in that, however, but in the tendency of students to use this source of media to prowl the internet and social media, distracting themselves from their schoolwork. It may be true that n ot every student utilizes their technology to scour Amazon or scroll through tumblr during a lecture; it goes without saying however that the potentialRead MoreImportance Of Selection Measures And Performance Management Practices1463 Words   |  6 Pagesimportant point to remember is that it indicates a point of difference. Broadly, diversity refers to points of difference between demographic variables such as gender, age, and race; but it also can include dimensions of sexual orientation, physical abilities, political beliefs and other ideologies. Another way to explain diversity is that it can be divided into two categories; inherent diversity and acquired diversity. According to an article titled â€Å"How Diversity Can Drive Innovation† from the HarvardRead MorePersonal Statement And Field Studies979 Words   |  4 Pagestime and effort was not applied. In order to keep a balance between work and time spent on electronics that is not relevant to work; people need to prioritize on what is most important. By spending one-two hours a day on Internet browsing or social medias upon having chores or work completed, people will feel less overwhelmed. Not only does the Internet consume a lot of our valuable time, it also causes many people to loose track of their surroundings. When people are publicly surfing the web

Hepatitis C Virus Free Essays

With the WHO goal of HCV elimination seeming more achievable with the new DAA therapy, nurses are uniquely positioned to be the final and vital spoke to get the machine running efficiently. History has shown that nurse led programs in HIV treatment were successful and many developed and developing countries have adopted nurse led models in the fight against HIV. Nurses have the education to be a useful ammunition in the fight against HCV infection. We will write a custom essay sample on Hepatitis C Virus or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nurse led programs can be a cost effective alternative and also help to decentralize HCV care and improve access. Certainly, progress in HCV care has been appreciable. Nurses have been integrated into the system in novel ways and numerous studies have shown that the effect is an improved rate of recognition of the infection, treatment uptake and adherence and achievement of sustained virologic response (SVR). Nurse are currently supporting physicians in treating HCV patients. Yet, this is not enough in bringing about any observable change in the epidemic of HCV. With the shortage of physicians and specialists, it is imperative to bring about policy changes that will allow nurses to treat HCV. What is lacking is the involvement of nurse practitioners (NPs). This is the age of DAA and no time has been better than today in involving NPs in the fight against HCV by giving them prescribing authority for DAA. Study conducted in United States (US) showed similar treatment outcomes for HCV infected patients with care by NPs, PCPs and specialists (Sarah et al, 2017) concluding that HCV treatment provided by NPs was as safe as that provided by specialists. An Australian study (Lloyd et al, 2013) conducted between 2009 to 2010 utilizing a nurse led program in prisons with specialist supervision via telemedicine also showed safe and effective HCV treatment outcomes. The newer regimens of DAA which have lesser adverse effects can be easily prescribed by nurse practitioners who have the relevant education and experience. NPs in Australia have already been given the authority to prescribe DAA (Gastroenterology Society, 2017), and US and Canada can take important lessons from the success of this policy change. Nurse practitioners working in nurse led models in prisons, rural areas, and with hard to reach groups like PWID can bridge the gap due to non-availability of specialists.Expanding the scope of practice of NPs is especially relevant today in order to improve uptake of high risk groups into treatment. PWID have a high prevalence of HCV (systematic review 60 – 80% of IDUs in 25 countries had anti HCV while 80% IDUs had anti HCV in 12 countries https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673611610970 ) and are the core group of transmitters. Treatment uptake is low in this group and yet the success of HCV programs is not going to be substantial if issues of HCV detection and treatment in PWID are not addressed effectively. PWID have many barriers to accessing health care, including but not limited to criminalization, poverty, mental health issues, addiction related issues, stigma and marginalization. But they are more likely to be engaged with community level health care providers like primary care physicians and nurses (Milne et al, 2015) in low threshold settings where they do not have fear of stigma or criminalization. Expanding the role of NPs to improve capacity to provide HCV care in these settings will lead to shorter wait times, improve information sharing with patients, advance engagement with the health care team and deliver better treatment outcomes. Prison environments have a huge concentration of HCV infected inmates. 24% of federal prisoners and 23% of provincial prisoners were positive for HCV antibody (Trubnikov 2011). Prisoners are at high risk of passing on the infection due to sharing of drug paraphernalia and are able to spread the infection once out in the community. Rural and remote areas also have disproportionate allocation of health services putting those living in these areas in the demographic of marginalized. Patients are less likely to travel large distances to start and complete treatment. Nurse led models in these two settings are urgently needed to improve HCV care. Nurse led model: a protocol based treatment program can be developed and tailored to cater to the needs of specific populations in community care clinics, OST centers, prisons, rural/ remote areas. The protocol can include relevant history taking, clinical assessment, investigations including the nurse performing transient elastography and triaging patients to determine the risk of each patient. Based on this the nurse would either start treatment, do a one on one consultation with the physician or refer the patient to consult with the physician using telemedicine. Follow up assessments should be conducted and referred for any adverse effects. In prison environments, patients who are released before the end of treatment should be referred to the community center and appropriate continuation of care must be in place. With shorter DAA regimens and better tolerated drugs, more number of prisoners may be offered HCV treatment and more number of inmates may be motivated to complete treatment upon release. Future research should focus on impact of nurses in protocol driven treatment of HCV, nurses dong fibro scan as compared to physicians, efficacy of DOTs therapy in HCV for those populations with adherence issues. Increased funding for specialty education for nurses in viral hepatitis to improve HCV care would definitely improve capacity in the fight against HCV. Lack of treatment for the marginalized is unfair and inexcusable. Nurse led programs in HIV care provided improved outcomes in all indicators and is evidence that they will be crucial in the war against HCV. Nurse practitioners need to rise to the challenge and advocate for better patient care among those affected with HCV by demanding prescribing authority for DAAs. Nurse led model in HCV care is an effective strategy to attain the WHO goal of elimination of HCV by 2030. How to cite Hepatitis C Virus, Papers

Auditing Bio Sustainable Feeds

Question: Discuss about the Auditing for Bio Sustainable Feeds. Answer: Introduction BSF (Bio-Sustainable Feeds) is a company that is listed on the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX). An Australian-based bioresearch firm has consistently indulged in sustainable aquaculture from the last 2 decades. However, the company had to encounter a major problem when one of its key researches on plant-based feeds crumbled. Due to such failure in the research, the company had to expend a massive amount of AU$360million in the year. The company had provided about its strategy to the people where it stated that with the use of plant-based fish feeds, it can manage to transfigure ten kilos of low value fish into one kilo of high value fish but in contrast to this, it was observed that the actual transformation of fish species was thirty kilos of low value fish into one kilo of high value fish. As a result, the conversion rate was three times lesser than the targeted transformation. Furthermore, the death rate of fish species was much lesser when plant-based fish feeds were utilized and therefore, their growing rate increased doubly. In addition to this, the fish-species transformed were bigger than that of the already matured fishes (CBC, 2016). Studies state that the matured fishes were approximately sixty percent smaller than the transformed fish-species. The environmentalists who stated that developing luxurious species at an expense of food crops associated to human are immoral soon challenged the above-mentioned strategies. They considered that developing such species into high-value would only be profitable for the rich people and the poorer, as always cannot be benefit. They also regarded such transformation to be exposed towards starvation and malnutrition risks. Hence, BSF Ltd took major steps to comply with environmental rules and regulations and as a result, it started to research on bacteria so that recaptured methane gas, residue from sugarcane etc. is made through fish-feeds (CBC, 2016). As a result, it expended more than AU$160 million for conducting the research and further AU$200 million for development purposes. This research was beneficial to the company in few extents. It had received an offer grant of AU$500 million from CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) on one major condition that a minimum of AU$100 million grant expended on alternative aquaculture feeds every year. Steps to be considered prior to audit An auditor must evaluate the pros and cons of an audit assignment before conducting an audit that also includes risks associated with the assignment, nature of audit, responsibilities, etc. When an auditor receives information of an audit assignment, he must verify minimum past three years information related to the compliances and books of accounts of the company. He must also crosscheck with the prior audit of the company regarding the compliances of statutory rules and regulations and other ethical responsibilities towards the stakeholders (Piedrahita, 2003). The auditors of BSF Ltd are also bound to undertake the same steps prior to an audit. Information on the business nature is also very vital and an auditor must conduct considerable research on the business nature of a company and other rules and regulations applicable to it. An auditor must also make ways to obtain the books of accounts and compliances of the company for the past three years and after getting such documents, he must carefully assess them to arrive at a decision whether the company has been diligent in carrying out its obligations towards the benefit of shareholders, investors, etc (Cappelleto, 2 010). An auditor must assess the environmental impacts of the companys activities and he must verify whether the company has engaged in any kind of activities that are harmful for the environment as a whole. Even the auditors of BSF Ltd are bound to evaluate whether the company has not indulged in any harmful activity that can negatively affect the environment. It is well known that environmental issues are the prior concern that a company must be focused on and an auditor can be a perfect medium to assist in this regard. Furthermore, whenever any company (BSF) receives an offer grant for research motives, an auditor must see whether such funds are not utilized somewhere else. Hence, it is the moral duty of an auditor to analyze the companys activities so that both the company and auditor can gain confidence among people and obtain prosperity as a whole (Hoffelder, 2012). Inherent, Detection and Control Risks Due to high competition and large transactions, a business is always prone to various kinds of risks. However, if the management effectively does evaluation of risks, then most of the risks avoided. Prevention of risks is very crucial for the company because it facilitate in long-term development. However, even after risk strategic planning, there are some risks that are inherent in nature. Inherent risks does not depend on any type of business, instead it is completely associated with the business activities of a company (Douglas et. al, 2015). Therefore, as it a general happening, companies must effectively encounter it. Control risks are those types of risks that cannot be moderated even through proper due diligence methods. Because of the presence of inherent risks in a company, complete removal of risks cannot be done. The main reason behind the occurring of control risks is the failure on the part of management to prevent such risks. Detection risks are those types of risks tha t cannot be discovered even after undertaking proper care (Geoffrey et. al, 2016). In the given scenario, the business of BSF Ltd consists of 90% inherent risks that clearly indicate high speculative activities performed by the company. In relation to this, the auditors must take the audit assignment but must be very cautious about it (Dan, 2005). Furthermore, the control risks of BSF are 5% that indicates chances of lesser gaps in the internal control policies of the company. The detection risks stand at 80% that indicates high level of undetected risk even after taking proper care. The main cause behind this failure is the presence of inherent risks in the company that clearly indicates speculation in the companys activities. Calculation of Audit Risk for BSF Ltd: Audit Risk= Inherent Risk*Control Risk* Detection Risk Hence, for BSF Ltd, audit risk= 0.9 * 0.05 *0.8 = 0.36 This risk is acceptable and hence, the auditors can progress for the audit of BSF Ltd. Inclusion in audit program BSFs audit program must accommodate both specific and general items so that it is ensured whether aggregate audit coverage is done or not. The general items consist of data such as information on nature of business, kind of business and regulations that administers a company etc. The specific items consist of environmental rules and regulations, amount of offer grant utilized and purposes for such utilization etc. Moreover, prominence must be given to associates authorized for the conduct of audit, their knowledge level, and care required for guarding the business activities (Manoharan, 2011). Journal entries Year 2015 (end) Payment RD A/C Dr. 500 To, Bank A/C 500 Capitalization of RD Patent A/C Dr. 500 To, RD A/C 500 Entire 2015 considered for the case. The process of amortization initiated from 2015 end as the research and expense done at that point of time. Amortization cost of patent 5 years = 500 million/ 5 = $ 100 million each for 5 years. Amortization Patent Ac Dr 100 To, patent Ac 100 The RD expenses of the company capitalized until the time the company did not initiated the operations. The entries are passed in a fashion that the capitalization of the amount is done till the time the operations began. Hence, the entire research expense of 160 million is chargeable to the patent cost. Moreover, if the company covers the expenses of development before business commencement then it can charge 200 million dollar to the cost of patent. In addition, if the business commences before or between developments then it will be able to charge that portion of development cost that is incur before business commencement. Activities that are environmental-friendly and socially responsible Even though the company prioritizes on enhancing the quality of produce of fish species, yet environmental experts have disregarded its practice as the transformation was only for rich people and it was prone to malnutrition and starvation risks. This is the reason why BSF initiated bacteria research to produce residue of sugarcane and other items. The research conducted by the company was initially not as per environmental and social concerns but due to objections from environmentalists, it had adopted alternative methods that were also not an established research technique (Brown et. al, 2014). Therefore, signing off a report as giving due concerns to environment and social concerns on the companys part is not acceptable. If an audit report is signed, an emphasis of matter paragraph will prevail. This emphasis will provide that even though the company carried out activities that were disregarded by environmentalists and not as per social and environmental concerns, it adopted other methods for aqua-culture that give importance to environmental and social issues (Brown et. al, 2014). Moreover, the company obtained offer grants that prove that its activities are not harmful but due to a major assertion, emphasis of matter paragraph is often opted. Hence, audit statement provided after providing adequate disclosures. Exclusivity of Patents It is a well-known fact that a patent can be acquired after the completion of development and research activities. Therefore, as BSF had provided in its prospectus that it had entire rights over the bacteria research is a clear misstatement on the companys part that can misguide the stakeholders. Such misstatements should not form part of a prospectus because it is the first essential document of a company. In other words, these statements can lessen the look-out of the company (Bowlin, 2011). Stakeholders take their relevant decisions based on the companys prospectus and as it is an introductory document, only valid materials incorporated in the prospectus. Furthermore, if the company desires to incorporate misstatements in the prospectus to obtain high gains or trust, it is the moral responsibility of an auditor either to either disallow the company from doing so or disassociate himself from the audit process because his integrity is at stake if he gets involved in such activity (E ilifsen et. al, 2001). An auditor must never make ways to associate himself with such a company that provides false prospectuses or any other falsified documents to the stakeholders (Bowlin, 2011). It is his ethical and moral duty to get rid of such matters because if being caught, his entire career will be finished, professional goodwill demolished, and additional legal actions will have to be faced by him. Therefore, he must make ways to provide an appropriate judgement on the financial statements that also includes the prospectus of the company so that do not misguide. Conclusion The above discussion of the report clearly recognizes the importance of audit and audit program. A company should never claim anything in the prospectus before it is patent. This leads to misleading facts and ultimately can be booked for duping the investors. Moreover, the role of audit program even comes the forefront. It is the duty of auditors to look into the matter and ensure that the company complies with all the relevant rules. The auditor should provide a qualified report if any discrepancies found. However, the audit program failed to perform in this respect. Overall, the claim made by BSF is not true and hence misguiding in nature. References Bowlin, K 2011, Risk-Based Auditing, Strategic Prompts, and Auditor Sensitivity to the Strategic Risk of Fraud,The Accounting Review, vol. 86, no. 4, pp. 12311253 Brown, L.H., Mason, S. Shelton, S 2014, The effect of reliance on third-party specialists under varying levels of internal control effectiveness on the audit of fair value measurements, Working paper, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. Cappelleto, G. 2010, Challenges Facing Accounting Education in Australia, AFAANZ, Melbourne CBC 2016, Shift to plant based fish feed could hurt health environment, CBC news technology and science, viewed 17 September 2016, https://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/aquaculture-feed-1.3262922 Dan F. F 2005, Feeds for the future: the importance of better broodstock and larval nutrition in successful aquaculture, viewed 17 September 2016, https://www.aquafeed.com/read-article.php?id=681 Douglas M.B, Todd, D.F Hermanson, D.R 2015, The Effects of Internal Audit Report Type and Reporting Relationship on Internal Auditors' Risk, Judgments.Accounting Horizons, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 695-718. Eilifsen, A; Knechel, W. Robert; W, P 2001, Application of the Business Risk Audit Model: A Field Study,Accounting Horizons, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 193-207 Geoffrey D. B,Joleen K,K. Kelli SDavid A. W 2016, Attracting Applicants for In-House and Outsourced Internal Audit Positions: Views from External Auditors, Accounting Horizons, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 143-156. Hoffelder, K 2012, New Audit Standard Encourages More Talking, Harvard Press. Manoharan, T.N., 2011, Financial Statement Fraud and Corporate Governance, The George Washington University. Piedrahita, R.H 2003, Reducing the potential environmental impacts of tank aquaculture effluents through intensification and recirculation, Aquaculture vol. 226, pp. 35-44

Anthropologists Essays - Anthropology, Humanities, Museology

Anthropologists Anthropologists trace the origin and evolutionary development of the human race through the study of changing physical characteristics and cultural and social institutions. Anthropological data, including that acquired by archeological techniques, may be applied to solving problems in human relations such as race and ethnic relations and education. People have always been interested in their past history. Although anthropology dates back to Aristotle, it is a commonly accepted fact that it became an established science during the Victorian era or the era of exploration. Anthropology has developed slowly since then with little real development until the 1930's when the use of applied anthropological research began to be stresssed by a number of various governments. Prior to the 19th century, anthropologists relied primarily on facts gathered from travelers' reports and documents received from other nonprofessional observers. During the early years of this century Scandinavian archaeologists developed a new approach to artifacts. C.J. Thomsen classified the material on the basis of three successive technological ages of stone, bronze, and iron. Then by the 20th century, much stress has been placed on actual exploration by trained anthropologists. Anthropologists constitute the smallest group of social scientists, yet they cover teh widest range of subject matter. Cultural anthropology, the area in which the greatest number of anthropologists specialize, deals with human behavior, both past and present, as well as the beliefs people hold in relation to religion, language, and many other areas. To study this effectively, cultural anthropologists often work with smaller, less complex, and perhaps more easily understood societies including teh tribal societis of Asia. Physical anthropologists are concerned primarily with the biology of human groups. They study the differences between the members of past and present human societies and are particularly interested in the geographical distribution of human physical characteristics. Bibliography Cover, Lois. Anthropology For Our Times. New York: Oxford Book Company, 1971. Hopke, William. The Encyclopedia of Careers. Illinois: J.G. Ferguson Publishing Company, 1984. Grolier Encyclopedia. Computer software. Grolier Electronic Publications, Inc., 1993. IBM, 128k, CD-ROM.

Womens Suffrage and the Seneca Falls Convention

Womens Suffrage and the Seneca Falls Convention The Seneca Falls Convention was held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Many individuals cite this convention as  the beginning of the womens movement in America. However, the idea for the convention came about at another protest meeting: the 1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention  held in London. At that convention, the female delegates were not allowed to participate in the debates. Lucretia Mott wrote in her diary that even though the convention was titled a World convention, that was mere poetical license. She had accompanied her husband to London, but had to sit behind a partition with other ladies such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton. They took a dim view of their treatment, or rather mistreatment, and the idea of a womens convention was born. The Declaration of Sentiments In the interim between the 1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention and the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention, Elizabeth Cady Stanton composed the Declaration of Sentiments, a document declaring the rights of women modeled on the Declaration of Independence. It is worth noting that upon showing her Declaration to her husband, Mr. Stanton was less than pleased. He stated that if she read the Declaration at the Seneca Falls Convention, he would leave town. The Declaration of Sentiments contained several resolutions including ones that stated a man should not withhold a womans rights, take her property, or refuse to allow her to vote. The 300 participants spent July 19th and 20th arguing, refining and voting on the Declaration. Most of the resolutions received unanimous support. However, the right to vote had many dissenters including one very prominent figure, Lucretia Mott. Reaction to the Convention The convention was treated with scorn from all corners. The press and religious leaders denounced the happenings at Seneca Falls. However, a positive report was printed at the office of The North Star, Frederick Douglass newspaper. As the article in that newspaper stated, [T]here can be no reason in the world for denying to woman the exercise of the elective franchise....   Many leaders of the Womens Movement were also leaders in the Abolitionist Movement and vice-versa. However, the two movements while occurring at approximately the same time were in fact very different. While the abolitionist movement was fighting a tradition of tyranny against the African-American, the womens movement was fighting a tradition of protection. Many men and women felt that each sex had its own place in the world. Women were to be protected from such things as voting and politics. The difference between the two movements is emphasized by the fact that it took women 50 more years to achieve suffrage than it did African-American men.

Project management and communication Research Paper

Project management and communication - Research Paper Example ategies evidently facilitates them to strengthen and motivate their team members make them a commanding leader and talented project manager within a corporation. In addition, having the skills to effectively control others could be a difference between success and failure. In this scenario, communication is extremely important to a businesss decision-making procedure. Thus, all the project managers must possess effective communication skills to start as well as respond to all the kinds of communication. Moreover, the experienced project managers build mutual relationships with their colleagues and team members through active listening. In this scenario, they can considerably augment their organization’s productivity by conducting well-organized meetings and business discussions. Thus, establishing fruitful collaborative associations based on confidence and respect, achieving commitment for their vision, and training and guiding their team members and stakeholders are all the c ritical competencies for todays project managers (Learning Tree, 2011). As discussed above, communication in project management plays a significant role in keeping all the team members and project stakeholders on accurate track. Additionally, in absence of effective communication among team members and project stakeholders there could be a breakdown in procedures that could cause a negative influence on the final product. In this scenario, it is the responsibility of a project manager to be familiar with the communication procedures concerned in efficient project management. For this purpose, they should effectively plan to decide what information requires to be communicated among project team members and other stakeholders. After that, that information should be made available to all the project stakeholders and assured in a timely way. In addition, communications with project stakeholders must be managed in a way that all the requirements are convinced as well as issues are punctually

Americas Executive Document 9066 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Americas Executive Document 9066 - Assignment Example In a few months, over 110,000 (over 65 percent) were relocated to the internment camps, which were constructed and dispersed in Arizona, California and other states in the western side. There was a special provision for those who were half cast; the American women married to Japanese men had an option to go to the internment camps with their husbands (Harrison). Question 3 The executive order 9066 was unconstitutional and violated several rights due to American citizens. Their right to religion was adversely violated. The practice of Buddhism was prohibited in the internment camps, and there was no placement of Buddhist clergies in the separate camps. The Shinto religion was restricted and Christianity proclaimed and encouraged in the internment camps. Their freedom of speech and press was also contravened with the banning of Japanese speaking in public and the prohibition of reading newspapers in the camp. The formal language they were expected to speak was English only in public me etings. Breaching their right to assemble, they abolished to do groupings or congregations. Their freedom to petition was not guaranteed, they were, therefore, unable to seek redress. They faced unreasonable seizures and searches. Their right to the indictment was also contravened. Many other rights and freedoms were abridged. Question 2 A multiplicity of issues led to the federal government’s intervention into civil rights. ... The exact time span for this movement is debatable but it is common knowledge that key events occurred between the 1950s and 1960s. In 1954, there was a ruling in the Supreme Court against racial segregation amongst students in publicly owned schools. Question 3 The year 1957 saw Arkansas’ governor in a bid to stop nine African American students from joining a high school. The sitting president that time ordered federal officials to enforce the court order. The black’s right to vote was protected by the civil rights act of 1957. The year 1960 saw President J. F. Kennedy intervening to ensure the safety of a group of citizens. These citizens were casualties of the segregation in interstate train and bus stations. Question 4 About ten percent of Mexican nationals live and work in the United States. Immigration policy has been an issue in Congress for a long time. One of the policies was to strengthen migration and border security control. This policy was aimed at deterrin g and preventing the levels of illegal migrations into the United States. Devised in 1995 and published in 2005, its implementation has been strategic and stepwise. It has included fencing, surveillance and strategically positioned personnel. Another policy was on changing the LPR and non-immigrant visa systems. There was also a policy to legalize certain unauthorized aliens. Many of these options would establish new mechanisms or pathways, with Mexicans being among the largest group of beneficiaries of most such proposals.  Ã‚  

Storm Drainage Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Storm Drainage Study - Essay Example A line graph is usually used for the discharge over time. Rainfall is plotted with the use of a bar graph. There are several factors that control the shape of a hydrograph. The different shapes are shown and the main components are labelled according to Weyman, 1975. Hydrographs have differences between the peak rainfall from its peak discharge. The difference is the lag time. If the lag time is great, there is a less chance of flooding. A short lag time will indicate that water had already reached the river channel at a fast rate. The rise in discharge shown in the is called the rising limb, and the decrease in the discharge is called the falling limb. The larger size means that there is longer lag time as water has a longer distance to reach the river trunk. The shape of the basin is normally elongated and produces a lower peak flow and longer lag time than a circular basin with the same size (Gillesania,2006). The line graph illustrates the change in height of water in the river over time, while the bar graphs illustrates discharge of water in the river with respect to time. The study was taken for 96 hours or 4 days. It was done continuously, taking the height reading every hour for 96 hours. All the readings vary from each other. In its analysis, there was almost a steady flow of water from the start up to 42 hours. After 42 hours, the water in the river began to rise. The rising of the water is called the process of rising limb. The time between the rise of water and the time the water reaches its peak is known to be the basin lag time. It reached the peak flow at the 57th hour in the study. This means that water had reached its peak discharge and is now starting to fall down. From the peak point, when the water height starts to fall down the process is called recession limb. After the recession limb, the water discharge will normalize. Channel Design Given data are: Apply the Manning formula to design a suitable breadth b, with Q = 1.1 m2s the given data of discharge of the channel d = 0.6 m n = 0.015 where: v = velocity, m/s S = 0.0005 R = hydraulic radius v = R2/3S1/ 2 S = slopen n = Manning's coefficient of roughness A = db A = cross-sectional area b = breadth Q = Av d = depth wetted perimeter = 2d + b v = R2/3S1/ 2 n Requirement = width of base b of the open channel Discharge Q of the river into the open channel Design of water pump to discharge water from the river to the open channel Computations: A = db = (0.6)b Wetted Perimeter = 2d + b = 2(0.4) + b = 0.8 + b = 0.8 + b. Q = Av 1.1 = 0.6b 1.1(0.015) = 0.6b 0.0165 = 0.6b = b 1.2406 = b = b3 1.9093 = b3 1.9093 = b3 1.9093 = b3 1.9093(1.44 + 2.4b + b2) = 0.36b5 2.7494 + 4.5423b +

Indian Jurisprudence Gender Sensitivity In CRPC Law Essay

Indian Jurisprudence Gender Sensitivity In CRPC Law Essay The basic tenet of criminal jurisprudence is that crime is not genetic, that is, one is not born a criminal. As no iron curtain is drawn between constitution and the accused, an under trial or a convict, his basic human rights cannot be put to jeopardy for an accused or a convict by the mere reason of accusation or conviction, is not denuded from his fundamental rights guaranteed in the constitution  [1]  . The distinction between gender and sex is often ignored by those who claim to be the sentinels of gender justice. While once in a while one hears voices against the injustice towards women, our justice system often turns a blind eye to the brutality with which all criminals are treated. It is true that the purpose of a punishment is deterrent and punitive in nature and the offender deserves a hard handed treatment as a retribution for his action, this cannot justify the acts which border brutality. Police, which is the first instrument in the process of ensuring criminal justice, often fails to justify its actions of dishonoring gender dignity of other genders when they interact with them in the society and particularly when they investigate crimes in which they are the suspects, dà ©tinues or the accused.  [2]  Men, women, transsexuals, all fall in the grind of this insensitivity perpetrated in the hands of those in charge of safeguarding the fundamental rights of convicts and other participants( victim, witness etc) in a criminal trial. The fact however remains that while substantive law fails to acknowledge the thin line of distinction between gender and sex and transsexuals and male criminals continue to be treated inconsiderately, our procedural laws, furthered by judicial activism; do provide some sense of sensitivity towards women. Spurred by judicial pronouncements, Code of Criminal Procedure (hereinafter CrPC or the Act) has been amended time to time to introduce elements of sensitivity towards women. This paper is an attempt to trace the gender-sensitive provisions of CrPC, supported by judicial pronouncements, restricting the scope of gender to women. The discussion runs in three parts: part I dealing with provisions when women are offenders, part II when they are victims of criminal offenses and part III when they are witnesses in a criminal trial. The last part will be followed by a conclusion with an analysis whether these laws provide adequate protection to women and whether the available procedure are being implemented in reality or are merely a letter of law. The CrPC amendments of 2005 and 2008 have been taken as the backdrop of the discussions in this paper. As it is not possible to cover all sections reflecting sensitivity towards women in the prescribed word-limit, the author has narrowed down the scope of discussion to the most important provisions under each part. Part II and subsequently III discuss in detail the special provisions for women in rape cases and other atrocities of women-trafficking, domestic violence and dowry deaths and sexual harassment at work have been excluded from the discussion. Part I Accused Arrest The Indian criminal jurisprudence has been sensitive to the fact that women, being physically weaker, are often mistreated by police while arrest and consequently, provisions preventing any physical or sexual assault while arresting them find place in CrPC. Section 46 of the code enlists the details of how arrests have to be made by the police  [3]  . Parliament, through the 2005 Amendment Act to CrPC introduced in section 46, sub clause 4 to ensure that women offenders are not mistreated while being arrested by the police officers. It read:Save in exceptional circumstances, no woman shall be arrested after sunset and before sunrise and where such exceptional circumstances exist, the woman police officer shall, by making a written report, obtain the prior permission of the Judicial Magistrate of the first class within whose local jurisdiction the offense is committed or the arrest is to be made. The history of this provision can be traced back to the report submitted by the National Human Rights Commission in 1997. The report examined the complaints of human rights violation through abuse of powers of arrest and detention given to the police. According to this report, the NHRC requested that all Indian state governments translate th ese guidelines into their respective regional language and make them available to all Police Officers and in all Police Stations.  [4]   The report includes the following guideline pertaining to the arrest of women, As far as is practicable women police officers should be associated where the person or persons being arrested are women. The arrest of women between sunset and sunrise should be avoided  [5]  . The incorporation of this provision in CRPC was spurred by the case law produced by the Courts in response to the demand for protecting women. In Christian Community Welfare Council of India and another v Government of Maharashtra another  [6]  ,the High Court of Bombay made it mandatory for the presence of a woman officer for arresting a woman. The Supreme Court however reversed the judgment  [7]  , accounting for the situations when arresting a woman is crucial but logistical impediments make the presence of a woman officer difficult. The 2005 amendment act was a closer embodiment of the Supreme Court decision as it gave the police some leeway to arrest females even in absence of lady officers. 2008 Amendment to CrPC saw further sensitizing of arrest procedures with regards to women when a proviso to clause 1 of section 46 was added to ensure that the clause 1 is not misused to offend women who are arrested. As interpreted by Courts, un-amended section 46(1) implied that arrest being a restraint of the liberty of a person, it can be effected by actually contacting or touching the body of such person or by his submission to the custody of the person making the arrest as a mere oral declaration to arrest without actual contact or submission does not amount to arrest.  [8]   The proviso states that Provided that where a woman is to be arrested, unless the circumstances indicate to the contrary, her submission to custody on an oral intimation of arrest shall be presumed and, unless the circumstances otherwise require or unless the police officer is a female, the police officer shall not touch the person of the woman for making her arrest. The proviso permits the physical arrest of a woman by a female officer or unless the circumstances make it an indispensible necessity for the police office to make use of physical force to restrain and arrest her. Even then, the use of force should be reasonable and not more than required to prevent the offenders escape.  [9]   search Section 47  [10]  places restrictions on police while searching for the offender in a place occupied by a pardanasheen woman, in which case she will be adequately notified by the police before search giving her time to remove herself from the sight before the police commences with the search. Clause 3  [11]  of section 51 as well as clause 3  [12]  of section 100 makes it mandatory that the search of a female is conducted only by a lady to ensure that her dignity is not violated in any form.  [13]   Section 53(2)  [14]  and 54  [15]  , that allows for the medical examination of the accused make it mandatory for the police to ensure that female arrestees are examined only by registered female doctor or under her close supervision. bail CrPC empowers every arrestee with the right to be released on bail when arrested for a bailable offence. It is the duty of the police officer to inform him of his right to be released on bail  [16]  . Women however are given the privilege of a bail even in circumstances When a female is arrested for a non-bailable offence, even if the offence is very serious (punishable by death penalty even), the court can release her on bail as provided in section 437(1) of CrPC  [17]  . For instance where a young woman of two infant children was accused of murder along with her husband and her husband was incarcerated for the crime as an under trial, the accused in such facts and circumstances of case would be entitled to be released on bail as per the provisions of this section  [18]  . This provision is not to be taken violative of article 14 of the Constitution as it discriminated between male and female offenders because article 14 had to be read subject to article 15(3) of the Con stitution under which the State Is empowered to make special provisions for women and children. Detention Even though CrPC is silent on the issue of separate provisions for detention of women offenders, Supreme Court in Sheela Barse case  [19]  held that female suspects must be kept in a separate lock-up in the police station. They should not be kept where male suspects are detained. Various states have, by orders made it mandatory that all female prisoners have to be imprisoned in a separate building or in separate part of the same building which is completely separate from the male prisoners.  [20]   In R.D. Upadhyay vs. State of AP.  [21]  , gender specific issues of women have been dealt with by the Supreme Court in detail and minimum standards laid for the care of the mother and the child. In pursuance of this, women inmates are allowed to keep their children up to six years of age. Pregnant women in prisons have to be given proper pre-natal and post-natal care  [22]  . Section 416  [23]  provides the provision of postponement of capital sentence awarded to a women if she is carrying a child. The High Court is also empowered by this section to commute the sentence of death penalty to that of life imprisonment. The purpose behind this provision is to ensure that the unborn child is not penalized for the crimes committed by the mother. Part II Victim Colonial law treated women as chattels: fragments of property of their male messiahs. It took two centuries to liberate the country, and another half to liberate the thoughts. In 1970, India witnessed a rape trial that mocked the very fundamentals of our constitution: equality and justice were stifled as Supreme Court refused to penalize a police personal charged of raping a tribal minor girl, in police custody, on grounds of the girls questionable sexual conduct in past. This was the infamous Mathura rape trial  [24]  . Efforts of women activists and judicial intervening finally paid off and the last decade saw attempts to ensure there werent any Mathuras with the promulgation of the 1983 amendment. In 1983, the government passed the Criminal Law Amendment Act, which created a rebuttal presumption in cases related to custodial rape  [25]  . Custodial rape, gang rape, rape of pregnant women and minor women were recognized as rape offenses by introduction of sections 376A to 376D in the IPC. The government also made amendments stipulating that the penalty for custodial rape should not be less than seven years imprisonment; and it provided for in camera proceedings  [26]  and made the disclosure of the victims identity a punishable offence.  [27]  Publication of proceedings in a rape trial could be possible only with prior permission of the Court. This clause however was amended by the 2008 amendment to facilitate the dissemination of information regarding the atrocities on women and their rights through media. Therefore, the 2008 amendment allows the publication of proceedings in a rape trial provided confidentiality of name and address of the parties is maintained  [28]  . Women rights activist claim that despite the 1983 amendment which did bring some procedural improvement in the state of women in rape trials, not much was reflected in reality. These amendments were not enough to stem the rise in the number of cases of sexual violence against women  [29]  . One crucial defect in the law was the definition of rape under Section 375 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), which took into account only penile-vaginal penetration. Other physical and mental injuries were left to be dealt with under Sections 354 and 509 of the IPC as `outraging the modesty of a woman.  [30]   In 1996, the substantive redundancy of these laws was exposed in the Gurmeet Singh case  [31]  where the trial court acquitted the rapists disbelieving the version of the prosecutrix( despite section 114A of Evidence Act that allows the assumption of truth in the statement of the victim in rape trials and placing of the burden of proof on the accused) and delay in lodging the FIR, . The Supreme Court, however was emphatic to the cause and laid down certain guidelines to be followed in case of rape trials  [32]  : Delay in lodging FIR is not material if properly explained. Testimony of the prosecutrix in cases of sexual harassment in cases of sexual assault is vital and unless there are compelling reasons which necessitate looking for corroboration of her statement, the Court should find no difficulty in convicting the ccused on prosecutrix testimony alone. Trial of sexual offences should be in camera and invariably by a lady judge wherever available. Court must restrain making observations that probably the prosecutrix is a girl of loose moral character. Court is under an obligation to see that prosecutrix is not unnecessarily harassed and humiliated in cross examination in case of rape trial. In the case of Dildar Singh v. State of Punjab  [33]  , it has been held by Honble Apex Court that delay in lodging of the first information report cannot be used as ritualistic formula for doubting the prosecution case and discarding the same on the ground of delay in lodging the first information report. Some of these guidelines were translated into law by subsequent amendments to Indian Criminal Law. Later, vide the 2003 amendment to Indian Evidence Act, a proviso was added to section 146 which allowed for cross examination. It made it impermissible to question the prosecutrix in a rape trial regarding her past sexual conduct and history.  [34]   With the 2005 amendment to CrPC, section 53A  [35]  was added to incorporate provisions for medical examination of the rape accused to provide evidence. As for the examination of the rape victim, she cannot be medically examined without her consent, as stated in 164A  [36]  of CrPC. In case she is unable to express her consent, a person competent to consent on her behalf will do so. Also, the medical examination of both the accused and the victim has to be conducted within 24 hours of receiving the information of the offense. Notified on 31 December 2009 was the latest amendment in CrPC in an attempt to sensitize the criminal laws towards protection of women further. Many provisions were introduced to minimize the harassment faced by victims during the process of investigation and trial in a rape case. The amendment act introduces a proviso in section 157  [37]  stating that the statement of the victim in a rape case has to be recorded , as far as feasible, by a lady officer, in a place she feels comfortable in: preferably her house and in presence of her parents, guardians, near relatives or a social worker. This was primarily done to avoid the humiliation the victim has to suffer in revisiting the details of the horrifying incident in front of police men and others in a police station. Besides this, the act allowed audio-video electronic means to record statement under 161 and 164 of CrPC to facilitate victims who are not in the physical or psychological state to be present in person before the magistrate for a statement. The amendment act adds to section 327, the provision of a lady judge trying a rape case as far as possible so as to bring a compassionate thought to the proceedings. One of the major contributions of the 2008 amendment act is the introduction of section 357 A  [38]  in CrPC providing for the provision for compensation to victims for injuries suffered. Though this provision is not women-specific, it can prove to be a major instrument for justice by providing the rape victims adequate compensation for the physical and emotional torture they were subjected to. Compensation for rape was recognized by the Supreme Court for the first time in the Chandrima Das case  [39]  where the court held that the relief can be granted to the victim for two reasons- firstly, on the ground of domestic jurisprudence based on the Constitutional provisions( as her fundamental right to life and dignity is violated in a crime of this heinous a nature); and secondly, on the ground of Human Rights Jurisprudence based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 which has international recognition as the Moral Code of Conduct- adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations. Activists hope that 357A will not merely be a procedural puppet in the hands of the state government and be actually utilized in facilitating some compensations to the unfortunate victims of rape and sexual violence. The amendment also has provision of right to appeal for victims. Currently, the right to appeal lies with the state which directly fights the case with the accused. Under the proposed change, the victim can independently hire a lawyer and go in for an appeal in addition to what the state does  [40]  . Part III Witness Police is authorized by section 160  [41]  of CrPC to summon a witness during investigation in case. This power however is limited by the proviso to sub-section 1 that restricts the police from summoning a male below fifteen years of age or a woman other than the place of his or her residence. A woman accused or a witness should not be summoned or required to attend at any police station under section 160 but they must be enquired only by women police or in presence of woman police at the place where they reside.  [42]  It was considered by the Supreme Court , in the Nandani Satpathy  [43]  case, to be a matter of public policy to keep minor children and women away from police company except as much as possible till the time community confidence and consciousness will regard the police force as entitled to better trust and soften the stigmatizing provisions now writ across the code.  [44]   In the landmark case of Sakshi v Union of India  [45]  , the Supreme Court realized and acknowledged the pain and trauma a woman goes through when she is asked to reiterate the soul-scathing instance of rape and prescribed guidelines for treatment of victims and witnesses in a rape trial. The court accounted for the fact that the mere sight of the accused may induce an element of extreme fear in the mind of the victim or the witnesses and can put them in a state of shock, making it difficult to give a true testimony  [46]  . Therefore, a screen or some such arrangement can be made where the victim or witness do not have to undergo the trauma of seeing the body or face of the accused. In State of Maharashtra and P.C.Singh v Dr. Praful Desai  [47]  , the Supreme Court explicitly recognized video conferencing as a means of recording evidence in a rape trial to facilitate the victim-witness to answer questions without fear or embarrassment. The latest amendment to CrPC seems to be a manifestation of this guideline by the Court as it adds to section 275  [48]  , a proviso allowing audio-video electronic means to witness in presence of advocate of the accused so as to facilitate their testimony if they feel uncomfortable facing the accused and others in the court room. Conclusion Though amendments over the last two decades have introduced some element of sensitivity in our criminal laws, skeptics have their reservations regarding the same. The way women have been treated in criminal justice system in the past makes it difficult to place faith in it. For instance, the 2008 amendment act introducing the provision of women judges hearing rape cases is being frowned upon by some women rights activists and is being seen as a means of ghettoizing  [49]  female judges, confining them only to women related matters. There seems some legitimacy in this accusation as if providing male judges was the problem to be solved, why is one ignoring the male defense lawyers projecting scathing questions to the victim. Moreover, since there are lesser number of female judges in the country, waiting for the appointment of one in a rape trial will delay the justice further by weeks. Despite the gender-sensitive provisions like women officers arresting female offender, the system fails to account for practical impediments like the skewed ratio of male and female officers  [50]  . A gender-sensitive, rather than a gender-biased system seems a more wholesome solution to the approach as law as without the backing and support of law-enforcement authorities, the laws made are hollow words, which go unnoticed. Gender sensitivity, not gender, is the watchword, for patriarchy is endemic to the system, not a trait of males alone  [51]  .  Thus, what is needed today is not merely simulated sensitivity in procedural law, rather its reflection in reality to ensure that no woman is wronged in the hands of those claiming to dispense justice.

Napoleon Essay -- essays research papers

During rough times in France in the late 1700’s, an anarchy was being formed. A revolution turned into civil war and the people were unhappy and needed a leader. At this time, General Napoleon Bonaparte took an opportunity. Napoleon’s fame for winning battles in the Middle East and Egypt and crushing royalist uprisings back at home allowed him to take over the Directory with ease. Recognized for his great military skills and outstanding leadership, Napoleon easily won over the hearts of the people.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Napoleon’s first move was to obtain leadership. With the help of Pope Pius VII Napoleon was named First Consul of France. Though France was now declared an empire, it was technically a Republic because of the set Constitution. Through this Constitution, Napoleon set up a system of government that helped settle the disputes of France. Napoleon’s career was arranged into a series of both accomplishments and defeats. He demonstrated his accomplishments during battle as well as in government. By setting up the Napoleonic code, Napoleon unified the old Feudal Law and Royal Laws. Many of the laws set up, were based on his knowledge of the Enlightenment. He simplified the laws of old as well as new, and allowed freedom of speech and press. His main idea with these laws was to give all men equal rights. Women were also included into several laws. Another accomplishment was shown through religion. Though he supported Cat...